William Bratton and the Nypd - 12122 Words

yale case 07-015 rev. february 12, 2008 William Bratton and the NYPD Crime Control through Middle Management Reform Andrea R. Nagy1 Joel Podolny2 William Bratton, commissioner of the New York Police Department from 1994 to 1996, presided over a dramatic decline in the city’s crime rate. Hired by Mayor Rudolph Giuliani as part of a new crime fighting initiative, Bratton embraced the â€Å"broken windows† theory that had made him so successful as chief of the city’s transit police. According to this theory, when a community ignores small offenses such as a broken window on a parked car, larger offenses such as burglary, robbery, and assault inevitably follow. Conversely, serious crime can be prevented if a community polices the little†¦show more content†¦First, between 1890 and 1930, the management of the police force was centralized. Virtually every decision had to go to the top for approval, with the goal of limiting the low-level officer’s exposure to temptation. To reinforce the hierarchy, specialized units were created to deal with such problems as drugs, youth, guns, and gangs. As Brat ton described it, [The department] was divided into little fiefdoms, and some bureau chiefs didn’t even talk to each other†¦. Each bureau was like a silo: Information entered at the bottom and had to be delivered up the chain of command from one level to another until it reached the chief’s office. 4 But centralization did not solve the problem of corruption, and it added the problem of inefficiency, because the bureaucracy was not capable of responding to the individual needs of different neighborhoods. â€Å"The reflexive solution to every police problem was more centralization and stronger controls,† according to criminologist George Kelling. But as the years went on, centralization became an end in itself, and even chiefs who wanted to make changes could not, for fear that they would be labeled soft on corruption. 5 Then, between 1930 and 1970, a second reform movement applied a scientific management model to the NYPD. The goal was to reduce policing to standard rules and routines. In essence, patrol officers became factory workers who performed simple,Show MoreRelatedNypd801 Words   |  4 Pagescommissioner in 1994, William Bratton has transformed NYPD into an effective deterrent of crime through a series of strategic organizational changes. Crime rate in New York has decreased by 25.9% in just a year compared to the average national rate of 5.4%. Now, NYPD’s results oriented strategy needs to sustain its momentum and continue to produce results, despite falling budgets, labor disputes and difficulty in getting resources allocated. In this paper, I will review the challenges Bratton faced, analyzeRead MoreBlack Male And Caucasian Police Officer Essay1489 Words   |  6 PagesStaten Island, New York City. Within the department I was surprised on female African American NYPD Sargent Kis sy Adoni on how she did not intervene. As a result of Garner s death, Police Commissioner William Bratton ordered an extensive review of the NYPD s training procedures, specifically focusing on the appropriate amount of force that can be used while detaining a suspect. According to CBS New York Bratton stated â€Å"we are not targeting communities of color, we are targeting behavior. Also that policingRead MoreZero Tolerance Policing2958 Words   |  12 PagesPolicing in Practice: the ‘New York Miracle’ 3 Zero Tolerance Policing: A Cost/Benefit Analysis 4 Reflection 8 Conclusion 9 Reference List 10 Introduction The election of Rudolph Giuliani as Mayor of New York City in 1993 and the appointment of William Bratton as NYC Police Commissioner in January 1994 ushered in a process of vigorous organisational ‘re-engineering’ (to use Bratton’s term) in the New York Police Department, resulting in the development of what is known as the Zero Tolerance PolicingRead MoreEssay about Crime and Police Department962 Words   |  4 Pagescontrols and take charge from that aspect. This implementation was a good method to reduce neighborhood fear and prevent crimes (Broken Windows). The third idea was implemented by Commissioner William Bratton. The Compstat program started by a management team in New York in which commissioner William Bratton was appointed as head of the police department to incorporate the Compstat model. The model was a basic process on how to collect abstract information and analyze data. He invested in his staffRead More Depicting the Various Traits and Characteristics of Leadership in Literature4045 Words   |  17 Pagesleadership.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Leadership is portrayed at its pinnacle in William Bratton’s Turnaround, Rudolph Giuliani’s book Leadership, Oren Harari’s book The Leadership Secrets of Colin Powell, and David Lipsky’s book Absolutely American: Four Years at West Point. In each of these works, the author does an exceptional job of depicting the various traits and characteristics necessary for being a powerful and effective leader.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   William Bratton, born and raised in Boston, was appointed as New York City’sRead MoreStop And Frisk Final Outline2670 Words   |  11 PagesTerry v. Ohio Is now walking down the New York City street in jeopardy? Are all men created equal? Mayor Bill de Blasio the first candidate opposed to the Stop and Frisk policy The Impact of Stop and Frisk on Individuals. Police Commissioner William J. Bratton â€Å"NYPD is the most racially diverse police force in the world† Conclusion: Summarized the argument. Recommendations. Communities Taking Action What should the mayor do to improve the efficiency of Stop and Frisk? What changes do the Hispanic andRead MoreThe Law Enforcement Oath Of Honor1540 Words   |  7 Pagesthat was conducted with the NYPD Commissioner William Bratton he stated that:â€Å"Policing is always such a profession that is going to have potential danger. That is the reality of it. †¦ The anger and the hatred and the violence directed against our police officers that every year takes more a hundred of their lives. So, I think we need to broaden the conversation to include the dangers being directed against them also.† (New York Police Department Commissioner William Bratton, CBS News) These are theRead MoreNecessity Of Reform Throughout Police Culture1651 Words   |  7 Pagesperpetuating a culture in which the everyday average civilian fears an officer of the law, more then they respect or trust them. In the 1973 true to life movie â€Å"Serpico†, Frank Serpico is ostracized from the rest of the New York City Police Department (NYPD), after he had testified in court against his fellow officers for being corrupt and for taking bribe money from drug dealers. Serpico dealt with the harsh problems that whistle blowers in law enforcement face, and it is not a harmless matter to beRead MoreStop And Frisk During The United States1894 Words   |  8 Pagesmonitoring urban environments in a well ordered condition may stop further vandalism and escalation into most serious crime. Stop and Frisk practice raise serious concerns over racial profiling, illegal stops and privacy rights. According to William J. Bratton On average from 2002 to 2013 the number of individuals stopped and Frisked without any convictions was 87.6%. However, out of that 87.6% around 23% were black, 24% were Hispanic. And during all this stops the police officers recorded usingRead MoreImproving Police Community Relations Between Police And The Community Essay2309 Words   |  10 Pagesin NYC is non-existent and that police officers and the NYPD in general do not take community/police relationship seriously, but the problem is that must of the time the community simply does not want to get involved. For some time now the NYPD has tried to go back to community policing, but how can they when the members of the precinct’s population do not get involved in positive relations with the police. People can not just expects the NYPD to know what they need if the community does not communi cate

The World s Largest Trading Trade Agreement ( Nafta ) Essay

( I ) The USA as Unipolar state : The US after the Cold War, became the unipolar power in the world. The unipolar system possesses only one great power with no competition. If a competitor emerges, the system can no longer be called unipolar. With the end of the Cold War, US emerged as the Unipolar superpower which also ended the traditional â€Å"East vs West’’ conflict. The longest economic expansion in modern U.S. history was seen after the cold war, in the 1990s. Originating in US defense networks, the internet spread to the public which greatly impacted the global economy, society, and culture. In the beginning of 1994, the US participated in the world’s largest trading bloc in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), linking 450 million people producing $17 trillion worth of goods and services. Since NAFTA came into effect, the North American economy has more than doubled in size. The combined gross domestic product (GDP) for Canada, the United States, and Mexico surpassed US$17 tr illion in 2008, up from US$7.6 trillion in 1993. The structure of power in the international system determines the role of institutions. NATO, for example, is often cited as an institution that has outlived its original mandate—preventing a Soviet onslaught of Western Europe. NATO’s continued existence conveniently â€Å"illustrates how international institutions are created and maintained by stronger states (e.g., the United States) to serve their perceived and misperceived interests.†Show MoreRelatedThe North American Free Trade Agreement. One Of The Major1307 Words   |  6 Pages The North American Free Trade Agreement One of the major keys to having two or more parties successfully trade and invest with each other is the ability to make agreements peacefully and come to similar terms. Many times, people would like to trade goods and services, but cannot agree on the terms each other have made. This can obviously cause many problems with trading and is the reason many deals do not go through, which can impact not only the people involved, but many more people very negativelyRead MoreThe North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)1345 Words   |  6 PagesFree Trade Agreement (NAFTA), came into effect on January 1, 1994, creating the largest free trade region in the world, generating economic growth and helping to raise the standard of living for the people of all three countries participating. By strengthening the rules and procedures governing trade and investment, the NAFTA has shown to be a great base for adding to Canada’s prosperity and has set a valuable example of the benefits of tr ade liberalization for the rest of the world. NAFTA was designedRead MoreEu vs Nafta1729 Words   |  7 PagesUnion and the NAFTA, NAFTA’s functional structure. A brief introduction if NAFTA and EU confront one another. Executive Summary Some would doubt that the formation of NAFTA was the American response to the European Single Act that formed the EU, which is made up of 27 countries. There is nothing to gain for both the blocs. However in some areas, â€Å"peaceful co-existence† and some form of â€Å"stricter ties† between the EU and NAFTA would prove to be beneficial for both. Introduction The NAFTA and the EuropeanRead MoreEssay On NAFTA1661 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is an agreement between Canada, United States, and Mexico which was signed on December 17, 1992 (Hassan,M Nassar R 2016) but wasn’t established until January 1st, 1994. NAFTA is a trade agreement between the North American countries. It is an agreement that would allow businesses to obtain resources from each of the three countries. The idea behind it was to make it easier for countries to trade and to increase productivity. Since NAFTA businesses, trade, and alsoRead MoreImpact Of Trade Agreements On An International Scale1534 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Trade agreements have been around for the past several centuries, and naturally, they have evolved. Earlier on, they were used exclusively as agreements between nations to reduce tariffs on each other’s products. Tariffs, however, were not the only way a nation could protect its industries. Trade agreements have evolved to address this situation, and instituted measures to disincentivize circumvention of the spirit of these agreements. Evolving still, trade agreements have now grownRead MoreCanada Research Paper Rough Draft Essay1178 Words   |  5 PagesStates in northwest of Alaska. and shares borders with the United States of America. Canada and the USA actually share the longest international border in the world. It is 8,891km/5,525miles long. The country expands from the Atlantic Ocean all the way to to the Pacific Ocean and right underneath the Arctic Ocean. Canada is the world s second-largest country in land mass, but has a small population of 31 million people. Canada was discovered and named by the French explorer Jacques Cartier in the yearRead MoreThe Relationship Between North American Free Trade Agreement And The European Union s Level Of Integration3824 Words   |  16 PagesQ1. Examine the various types of regional economic integration. What are the differences between the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the European Union’s level of integration?(2 pages maximum) Regional economic integration represents agreements between countries in a geographic region to reduce tariff and non-tariff barriers to the free flow of goods, services and factors of production between each other. Neighboring countries tend to ally because of their proximity to one anotherRead MoreRegional Development and Regional Blocks1884 Words   |  8 PagesFathers of ASEAN (5 countries) Today – 10 Member States NAFTA The North American market increased, create a free trade, elimination of tariff barriers North American free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)was formed on 1 January 1994 Richest market in the world – Canada, United States, Mexico MERCOSUR Countries common values of economic development, the fight against poverty, sustainable development and so on An economic and political agreement (Southern Common Market) was formed on 26 March 1991 5 SouthRead MoreInternational Trade : Free Trade Essay1420 Words   |  6 PagesEconomics Free Trade Free trade is a system in which goods, capital, and labor flow freely between nations, without barriers which could delay the trade process. There are many nations that have free trade agreements, and several global organizations promote free trade between their members. There are a few arguments both for and against this practice, ranging from economists, politicians, industries, and social scientists. A few barriers to trade are struck down in a free trade agreement. Taxes, tariffsRead MoreThe Transatlantic Trade And Investment Partnership1284 Words   |  6 Pagesassignment The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) is a bilateral free trade agreement between the United States and Europe, covering trade in services, government procurement, rules of origin, technical barriers to trade, agriculture, customs and trade facilitation. If it completed, it will cover the world one-second of GDP. Transatlantic trade and investment partnership agreement is Europe and the United States launched trade preferential agreements, to create Europe and the United

Conscience †personal creative writing Free Essays

He was dressed in a sluggish grey-green coat with dull checks. It reflected his character like a murky pond and the story he was feeding me smelt the same. I didn’t like his attitude. We will write a custom essay sample on Conscience – personal creative writing or any similar topic only for you Order Now The way he leered at me with his nicotine yellow teeth and thin sharp lips. It made me feel really uncomfortable. Like I shouldn’t be there. I’d forgotten, as usual that I wasn’t invited. I noticed that as he repeated himself his gnarled fingers were ever whitening at the knuckles. His hair was greased back off his face as if he’d put a vat full of chip fat on it. It made him look slimy and manipulating. If he’d been a well dressed man with a polite attitude I would not have given a second thought to his wife’s suicide. The man in front of me was showing no sign of remorse, not even the slightest bit of sadness. The emotions that float in the air catching normal people unawares must either bounce off his highly polished forehead or slide down the nape of his neck. The flat was quite large with a private elevator at the back. A desk sat in the middle of the room. It was an old solid oak desk with two top draws and ink stains on the blotting paper. The worn out typewriter had the last written words of Mrs. Harrison stuck in it and sat there like a smug omen. People from forensics were buzzing about dusting this and bagging up that. They made the place look like an ant colony. It is very distracting to have someone spying for the minutest thing out of the corner of your eye. I went to have a look round myself. All the furniture, as far as I could see was dating back to the late 1930’s yet it was all in impeccable condition. Scattered on the shelves were objects and ornaments the couple had gathered from their short married life. China dogs, vulgar things, cluttered up the iron fire surround. On the mantelpiece slept two speakers, dusty with neglect. Something caught my eye. Two brass bookends. Neither of them particularly aesthetic yet that wasn’t what drew me to them. One was brown with dirt and grime, however the other was clean as the day it as bought. I called over Pete, a friend of mine in the forensics team. We were at college together until I went ‘over to the dark side’ as he would say. Pete is the type of guy you could quite easily fall in love with, if you allow yourself. His hair is tight and curly. The colour of midnight. Granted, his nose may be slightly out of proportion but the ocean blue colour of his eyes! Deep, full with care yet not deep enough to hide his soul. He told me he would take the bookends off for dusting and get back to me. I couldn’t help but stare as he swaggered away in his own original style. The swagger that leaves all girls stranded†¦ Waking my self up I walked back to the beetle red settee where Mr Harrison was lounging. I was sitting on the arm of the chair, trying to spot an intelligent comment from the ones reflected in his mirror forehead. I persuaded him to tell me a bit about his wife appearance. According to him she was of medium height, hourglass figure and full it the face. He got out a photo of her. She was really pretty. Her hair was sandy and fly away with dark brown eyes and full lips. The complete opposite of her husband. That then began to arouse my suspicions of her playing away. I didn’t address this issue straight away; I felt it wasn’t wise but I did ask what the professional relationship was between he and his wife. At this comment his attitude got blacker once more. He spoke bitterly of how she was clever and outgoing. She had been working as his accountant when they met and ‘slowly weaved her way up to the executive managers position’. It was the way he said it that made your blood chill like an ice cube had just been shoved down your back on a freezing winter day. There was certainly some jealousy going on. I could not fathom why a pretty intelligent girl could want to end her life so suddenly and tragically. Couldn’t she have just settled for divorce? Was he threatening her? One thing was for sure; this was no ordinary suicide. I had to find out what really happened earlier that night. I bid good day to Mr Harrison and went to the front elevator. As I waited I tried to heave the sense out of this scene like the heavy contraption heaving itself up to the 18th floor. With the bing of the lift the cold air hit my face once more. The streets of LA are awesome. Especially at night. The rain pattered down as it had been threatening to do all day making the pavement shine like liquid silver. The starlight filled the roadside trees with a magical light like a thousand faeries having a party. A newspaper tickled my feet then went on its way to the next obstacle. Out of the corner of my eye I saw a crumpled heap, slumped in the doorway of a closed down chemists. It was partly illuminated by the street light. The other part shadowy and ghost like yet remarkably there. It churns my heart to see these things. From somewhere in amongst the churning it became clear that this fellow might know something. I strolled over as casually as I could muster in the below zero temperature and crouched down beside him. His face was like a canvas of war; his eyes hollow and lifeless. This guy didn’t have a single dream or hope left to hang on to in the great pendulum of life. He’d let go just waiting for it to hit him on its inevitable return swing. He showed an utter disgust towards me once I’d told him I was a detective. It made my job really hard. I had started off with a gentle motherly tone but I soon lost it to the wind. What is the point in trying to give these people respect if they judge you on face value and smell of dustbins and public toilets. He assured me that he was awake at the time I quoted and heard no scream. I hurried away as quickly as I could leaving him to mutter under his breath. How to cite Conscience – personal creative writing, Papers

Theory Related to a Growth Mindset Free Sample for Students

Questions: 1.Describe the Assumptions you hold about your Intelligence and how they May or May not have Changed Over time.2.Use Theory related to a Growth Mindset in combination with aspects of your Personal Experience to Illustrate the Impact of the above assumptions on your Studies to date.3.Use Theory related to a Growth Mindset in Combination with aspects of your personal experience to Speculate on the practical and Theoretical Implications of your Current Assumptions for your study over the coming Semester. 4.Use Theory related to a 'Growth Mindset' in Combination with aspects of your Personal Experience to Speculate on the practical and Theoretical Implications of your Current Assumptions for your current or Future Employment. Answers: 1.In my life as a student, I have come to realize my assumption about my intelligence is based on my performance in class. If someone asked me if I am intelligent my answer would always come with a stammer because I find it hard to confidently say am an intelligent person. For instance, there are those subjects or field of study I am good in and I can confidently say am very intelligent in that field of study. However there those subjects which i am weak at. When again asked if am intelligent in relation to this fields that I am poor in, I find it very difficult to give a positive answer. Moreover, when I fail in a particular field of study, it makes me fill stupid. In fact it makes me feel like a looser since others are doing pretty well in this subjects yet I am scoring dismally in the same. As a result I have always believed in one thing, there is nothing much I can do to improve my performance in a subject I am poor in. This is because I believe that there is a limit of intelligence I have in any particular subject and I cannot surpass that limit 2.Carol Dwecks video titled; The power of believing you can improve, has also opened my mind on the assumptions I had towards my intelligence. I know I am not good in some particular subjects and I still believe there is nothing much I can do to change that fixed state of mind. As a result I have been avoiding particular subjects that i am poor in. I am convinced that no matter how much effort I put in studying this subjects I will always fail in them. This fixed mindset has really affected my performance to date since I feel like I am a failure in some subjects and I shy away from them. In addition seeing my classmates performing well in the same subjects that I am poor in makes me feel less intelligence and a looser for that matter. According to Dweck, students belief about the nature of their ability or intelligence will always determine how they will approach challenging subjects or fields of study. To her students who observe their intelligence as a fixed state of mind will tend to shy away from subjects that pose great challenges to them. On the other hand, students who believe that their ability can increase through effort and constant practice always conquer academic challenges in their field of study Dwecks research has also opened my mind on the assumptions I had towards praise from my teachers and parents towards my academic performance. Praise and reward is a good motivator towards increasing a childs performance. However, studying Dwecks video on intelligence reveals a sharp contrast on the impact of praise on students intellectual growth. I have learnt praising students for their performance rather than their effort may lead to students accepting a fixed mindset in regards to intelligence. The message being sent by this adults is that success or failure is dependent on a greater power that is beyond their control thus these students end up accepting that their dumb or smart depending on their performance and nothing can be done to change the status quo. For example, if a teacher comments well done or smart boy to a student, the student will end up interpreting that success is related to being smart while being dumb is equally related to performing poorly. As a result of these students who perform well develop high self-esteem but this soon disappears when they are faced with academic challenges in other subjects. However students who are praised for the effort their input in their studies are more likely to develop and a growth mindset and they develop grit when faced with academic challenges Dwecks study has really set the ball rolling for me in the coming semester since now am more than convinced that my mental ability is not a fixed quantity and it is something I have control over. I can be able to improve on those subjects that am not doing well in. since now I know that through constant practice and perseverance I can be able to change the narrative to a successful one. I have also realized that what matters is the effort that one puts in something that will either translate to a failure or success. Also, even when I fail, it doesnt mean I am dumb but it should offer me an opportunity to learn and explore more on that particular subject (Duckworth, A, L.2009). 3.My assumptions towards intelligence have impacted in my studies to a certain level. Looking at the theory of growth mindset students who hold onto the entity theory of intelligence subscribe to the school of thought that intelligence is something that you have no control over and thus you can do very little to change it. There was a time I used to believe in this line of thought, and it still affects my thinking to this day. At times I tend to think that my intelligence is a fixed quantity. Moreover, this has pushed me to place such a high value on success that makes me always worried and scared of failure. As a result, I find myself studying so hard that I may not fail since to me, I perceive failure as evidence of being dumb or possessing low intelligence. This belief has further pushed me to select and study only those subjects that I find myself good in. In this light, I always tend to shy away from causes that have mathematics in them since I always score dismally in this subject. However studying and listening to Dwecks video on intelligence has struck something new in my line of thinking. I have realized that intelligence is not a fixed state of mind but it is something that can be worked on. In contrast to my line of thinking, I have realized that students who view intelligence as a malleable quantity are never threatened by failure since they believe that their mind ability can be increased through effort and grit. Moreover, instead of this students shying away from subjects that they score dismally in, they have made it their mission master this subjects and set academic challenges that will help improve their intellectual ability. However, I belonged to this group of students who viewed intelligence as a fixed quantity. I believed, intelligence cannot be improved and it is a limited entity. In most cases I concentrated more about by abilities and wasted a lot of time trying to prove it rather than improving it. As a result, this has lead to the onset of negative thoughts in my mind such as I am a dumb or I am a total failure and tendency of giving up so quickly on lifes challenges. I have realised students possessing growth mindset will always perceive lifes challenges not as setbacks but an opportunity to learn and improve while those with fixed mindset will always count themselves as failures when they face lifes challenges 4.Use theory related to a growth mindset in combination with aspects of your personal experience to speculate on the practical and theoretical implications of your current assumptions for your current or future employment. Length 500 words A lot can be learned from Duckworths video on intelligence with specific reference to the theory of growth mindset and grit.' One of the takeaway points for me is that intelligence is not a fixed state of mind. Everyone can grow their mental ability, and this will largely depend on ones ability to persevere. Dweck notes that students who employ a growth mindset about their intellectual ability tend to focus more on learning and mastering challenging academic materials The current job market just like education doesnt offer a rosy reception to those leaving school. The challenges are weightier than those experiences in the academic world. As a result, those students coming into employment with a growth mindset are more like to survive the fast few years of their employment since they have what it takes to face challenges that they may encounter in their line of work. Possessing grit and the ability to learn from failure has always been the key to success, and these students possess these elements of success. This cannot be said of those with a fixed mindset since they shy away from failure and due to the state of mentality they operate with, chances are very high they will quit the job as soon as they face a major obstacle in their line of duty Dwecks study has been a point of revelation for me since have just realized that how I view intelligence will always affect how I respond to challenges not only at my study level but even in how I see life out there. This means that I will have to adopt a growth mindset if am to be successful in my career later in life and at my place of work it will also come in handy. The challenges I will face in my area of employment will always be an opportunity to learn for me. This means that I wont concentrate much on my failures but how to learn from the challenges that face me in my area of work. I chose to adopt the growth mindset even as I hope to secure an employment during my semester break It has become evident to me that what I belief about my academic capability will always have a direct influence in my perseverance towards achieving academic success. This means that if I focus my effort on learning and practicing new skills then i can improve my class performance and perform well in school. Having this mindset will increase my chances of achieving a higher level of academic performance and also be successful in life since I now believe that I can overcome challenges and obstacles that life presents. I have also learnt grit is virtue that is worked on and doesnt come in a day. Through constant practice and pushing against challenges and odds will eventually translate into success and with this i know i can navigate through lifes challenges without the fear of failure. Therefore Intelligence is something that can be nurtured and thats a take away point for me even as i reflect on Duckworths literature on grit theory. References Deiner, C. I., Dweck, C.S. 1978. An analysis of learned helplessness: Continuous changes in performance, strategy and achievement cognitions following failure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 451-462. Deiner, C. I, Dweck, C.S. 1980. An analysis of learned helplessness: (II) The processing of success. journal of personality and social psychology, 39, 940-952. Duckworth, A, L.2009.True Grit: Can Perseverance be Taught? 2009, YouTube video, TEDx Talk. Presented by Angela Lee Duckworth. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qaeFnxSfSC4. Dweck, C.2014. The power of believing that you can improve, YouTube video, TED Talk Norrkoping, Sweden. Retrieved: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_X0mgOOSpLU Dweck, C. S. 2002. Beliefs that make smart people dumb. In R.J. Sternberg (Ed.). Why smart people can be so stupid. New Haven : Yale University Press. Dweck, C.S. 2002. Messages that motivate: How praise molds students' beliefs, motivation, and performance (in surprising ways). In J. Aronson (Ed.), Improvingacademic achievement. New York: Academic Press. Dweck, C. S. 1999a. Caution-praise can be dangerous. American Educator, 23(1), 4-9. Dweck, C. S. 1999b. Self-theories: their role in motivation, personality and development. Philadelphia: The Psychology Press Dweck, C. S., Bempechat, J. 1983. Children's theories of intelligence. In S. Paris, G. Olsen, H. Stevenson (Eds.), Learning and motivation in the classroom(pp. 239-256). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Dweck, C. S., Reppucci, N. D. 1973. Learned helplessness and reinforcement responsibility in children. Journal of personality and social psychology,25, 109-116. Mueller, C.M., Dweck, C.S. 1998. Intelligence praise can undermine motivation and performance. Journal of personality and social psychology, 75, 33-52.